Table of Contents additional amounts of the net deferred tax asset will not be realized in the future, an adjustment to increase the deferred tax asset valuation allowance will be charged to income in the period such determination is made. We operate in various tax jurisdictions and are subject to audit by various tax authorities. We follow accounting for uncertainty in income taxes, which requires that the tax effects of a position be recognized only if it is “more likely than not” to be sustained based solely on its technical merits as of the reporting date. We consider many factors when evaluating and estimating its tax positions and tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments, and which may not accurately anticipate actual outcomes. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Foreign Currency Exchange Risk We operate and conduct business in foreign countries where our foreign entities use the local currency as their respective functional currency and, as a result, are exposed to movements in foreign currency exchange rates. More specifically, we face foreign currency exposure primarily from the effect of fluctuating exchange rates on payables and receivables relating to transactions that are denominated in euros, the Indian Rupee and the Australian, Canadian and New Zealand dollars. These payables and receivables primarily arise from sales to customers and intercompany transactions. We also face currency exposure that arises from translating the results of our European, Indian, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand operations, including sales and marketing and research and development expenses, to the U.S. dollar at exchange rates that have fluctuated from the beginning of a reporting period. We are a net receiver of euros, and therefore negatively affected by a strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the euro and, conversely benefit from a weakening of the U.S. dollar relative to the euro. Sales denominated in the euro as a percentage of total revenue was 28%, 17% and 11% during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The effect of a hypothetical 10% adverse change in foreign exchange rates on monetary assets and liabilities on December 31, 2023 would not be material to our financial condition or results of operations. To date, foreign currency transaction gains and losses and exchange rate fluctuations have not been material to our financial statements, and we have not engaged in any foreign currency hedging transactions. We do not enter into derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. We did not enter into any foreign currency forward contracts during 2023 and 2022. Any foreign currency forward contracts entered in the future will be accounted for as derivatives whereby the fair value of the contracts would be reported as other current assets or current liabilities, and gains and losses resulting from changes in the fair value would be reported in other income (expense), net, in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Credit Risk Financial instruments that subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts receivable and derivative financial instruments. We maintain a substantial portion of our cash balances in non-interest-bearing and interest-bearing marketable securities and money market accounts. The derivative financial instruments expose us to credit risk to the extent that the counterparties may be unable to meet the terms of the arrangement. We mitigate this credit risk by transacting with major financial institutions with high credit ratings. We are not required to pledge, and are not entitled to receive, cash collateral related to these derivative instruments. We do not enter into derivative contracts for trading or speculative purposes. Our net revenues are primarily concentrated among a limited number of customers. We monitor the financial condition of our customers and perform credit evaluations whenever considered necessary and maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated potential credit losses. Interest Rate Risk We had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $1,695.0 million and $1,612.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, consisting of both non-interest bearing and interest-bearing marketable securities and money market accounts. Such interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk, but the risk is limited due to the duration of our short term investments. To date, fluctuations in interest income have not been significant. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure. We have not been exposed to, nor do we anticipate being exposed to, material risks due to changes in interest rates with regard to our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. Enphase Energy, Inc. | 2023 Form 10-K | 62